Muri iki gihe, amasosiyete atandukanye y’imodoka arimo gukoresha bateri za lithium ku rugero runini muri bateri zikoresha ingufu, kandi ubucucike bw’ingufu burimo kwiyongera, ariko abantu baracyaterwa ipfunwe n’umutekano wa bateri zikoresha ingufu, kandi si igisubizo cyiza ku mutekano wa bateri. Gukoresha ubushyuhe ni cyo kintu cy’ingenzi gikorerwa ubushakashatsi ku mutekano wa bateri zikoresha ingufu, kandi ni ngombwa kwibandaho.
Mbere na mbere, reka dusobanukirwe icyo thermal runaway ari cyo. Thermal runaway ni ikintu giterwa n’uruhererekane rw’ibintu bitera imbaraga zitandukanye, bigatera ubushyuhe bwinshi n’imyuka mibi isohoka muri bateri mu gihe gito, bishobora no gutuma bateri ishya igaturika mu bihe bikomeye. Hari impamvu nyinshi zitera thermal runaway, nko gushyuha cyane, charge nyinshi, internal short circuit, gukubitana, nibindi. Battery thermal runaway akenshi itangirana no gusenyuka kwa negative SEI film mu kazu ka bateri, hagakurikiraho gusenyuka no gushonga kwa diaphragm, bigatera negative electrode na electrolyte, hagakurikiraho gusenyuka kwa positive electrode na electrolyte, bityo bigatera internal short circuit nini, bigatera electrolyte gushya, hanyuma bigakwirakwira mu tundi turemangingo, bigatera thermal runaway ikomeye kandi bigatuma bateri yose itangira gushya mu buryo bwihuse.
Impamvu zitera ubushyuhe bukabije zishobora kugabanywamo impamvu z'imbere n'iz'inyuma. Impamvu z'imbere akenshi ziterwa n'imiyoboro migufi y'amashanyarazi; impamvu z'inyuma ziterwa n'ikoreshwa nabi rya mekanike, ikoreshwa nabi ry'amashanyarazi, ikoreshwa nabi ry'ubushyuhe, n'ibindi.
Umuyoboro mugufi w’imbere, ari wo uhuza neza n’imiyoboro myiza y’amashanyarazi ya bateri, uhinduka cyane mu rugero rw’uko ikorana n’uko ifatwa nyuma y’aho ritangiye. Ubusanzwe umuyoboro mugufi w’imbere uterwa no gutakaza ubushobozi bwa mekanike n’ubushyuhe, utera ubushyuhe bukabije. Ibinyuranye n’ibyo, imiyoboro migufi y’imbere ubwayo iba mito cyane, kandi ubushyuhe buyitera ni buto cyane ku buryo idahita itera ubushyuhe bukabije. Iterambere ry’imbere rikunze kubamo inenge mu nganda, kwangirika kw’imiterere itandukanye iterwa no gusaza kwa bateri, nko kwiyongera k’ubudahangarwa bw’imbere, ubwinshi bw’ibyuma bya lithium buterwa no gukoresha nabi igihe kirekire, nibindi. Uko igihe kigenda cyiyongera, ibyago byo kugira umuyoboro mugufi w’imbere bitewe n’izo mpamvu z’imbere bizagenda byiyongera buhoro buhoro.
Gukoresha nabi ikoranabuhanga, bivuga guhinduka kwa monomer ya bateri ya lithium na bateri ipakiye bitewe n'imbaraga zo hanze, hamwe no kwimuka kw'ibice bitandukanye byayo. Imiterere y'ingenzi irwanya akaremangingo k'amashanyarazi irimo kugongana, gusohora no gutobora. Urugero, ikintu cy'amahanga cyakozweho n'ikinyabiziga ku muvuduko mwinshi cyatumye diaphragm y'imbere ya bateri isenyuka, ibyo bigatuma umuriro ugabanuka muri bateri kandi bigatera umuriro mu gihe gito.
Gukoresha nabi bateri za lithium mu buryo bw'amashanyarazi muri rusange birimo umuyoboro mugufi wo hanze, kongera ingufu, gusohora umuriro mwinshi mu buryo butandukanye, bishobora gutuma umuyoboro mugufi uhinduka umushyushya mwinshi. Umuyoboro mugufi wo hanze uba iyo ibyuma bibiri bifite umuvuduko utandukanye bihujwe hanze y'akazu. Udupira duto two hanze mu dupaki twa bateri dushobora guterwa no guhinduka kw'imodoka bitewe no kugongana, kwibira mu mazi, kwanduzwa n'umuyoboro cyangwa gushyuha kw'amashanyarazi mu gihe cyo kuyitunganya. Ubusanzwe, ubushyuhe buva mu muyoboro mugufi wo hanze ntibushyushya bateri aho gupfuka. Isano y'ingenzi hagati y'umuyoboro mugufi wo hanze n'umuyoboro mugufi wo hanze ni ubushyuhe bugera aho bushyuha cyane. Ni igihe ubushyuhe buturuka ku muyoboro mugufi wo hanze budashobora gukurwaho neza aho ubushyuhe bwa bateri buzamuka kandi ubushyuhe bwinshi bugatera umuyoboro mugufi wo hanze. Kubwibyo, guca umuyoboro mugufi cyangwa gukuraho ubushyuhe bwinshi ni uburyo bwo kubuza umuyoboro mugufi wo hanze kwangiza byinshi. Umuyoboro mugufi, kubera ko wuzuyemo ingufu, ni kimwe mu byago bikomeye byo gukoresha nabi amashanyarazi. Gukora ubushyuhe na gaze ni ibintu bibiri bisanzwe mu nzira yo kongera ingufu. Gutanga ubushyuhe bituruka ku bushyuhe bwa ohmic n'ingaruka z'impande. Ubwa mbere, litiyumu dendrite ikurira ku buso bwa anode bitewe no kuba litiyumu ikoreshwa cyane.
Ingamba zo kurinda ubushyuhe bukabije:
Mu cyiciro cy'ubushyuhe cyikora kugira ngo tubuze ubushyuhe buva mu gice cy'imbere, dufite amahitamo abiri, rimwe ni ukunoza no kuvugurura ibikoresho by'imbere, ishingiro ry'ubushyuhe buva mu gice cy'imbere ahanini riri mu buryo buhamye bw'ibikoresho bya electrode nziza n'imbi hamwe na electrolyte. Mu gihe kizaza, tugomba kandi gukora intambwe zikomeye mu gusiga ibikoresho bya cathode, guhindura, guhuza electrolyte na electrode bihuye, no kunoza imikorere y'ubushyuhe bw'igice cy'imbere. Cyangwa guhitamo electrolyte ifite umutekano mwinshi kugira ngo ikore ingaruka z'umuriro ugabanya ubushyuhe. Icya kabiri, ni ngombwa gukoresha uburyo bwiza bwo gucunga ubushyuhe (Igishyushya gikonjesha cya PTC/ Igishyushya cy'umwuka cya PTC) uhereye inyuma kugira ngo bakureho izamuka ry'ubushyuhe bwa bateri ya Li-ion, kugira ngo firime ya SEI y'akaremangingo idazamuka ikagera ku bushyuhe bwo gusenyuka, kandi birumvikana ko ubushyuhe butazagenda neza.
Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: Werurwe-17-2023
